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Các nhà tuyển dụng sẽ hỏi các câu hỏi như: “Bạn hãy giới thiệu về mình?”, “Tại sao bạn lại chọn nghề Tester?”, “Kinh nghiệm làm nghề Automation Tester của bạn trong quá khứ?”.
Bạn hãy trả lời các câu hỏi này một cách chân thật nhất về những kỹ năng mình có.
Hi, my name is Anh Tester.
I started my career as a Testing Executive 4 years back with Infosys currently I am working as Test Engineer.
My responsibility is to understand Business Requirement Specification and High Level scenarios and to convert them into test cases & Automation scripts if required. Execution of test cases and reporting of defect to the developer if there any and get them fixed. I have experience on Functional, Automation, Regression, Smoke, Sanity, Web accessibility, Web Analytics, Mobile Testing.
In my previous project I have worked on Automation testing where we have used Selenium with java and TestNG Cucumber framework for BDD approach. We have used Page object model where we have separated our test cases with page objects, and we performed testing on the same. For build management tool we are using Maven for version controlling we are using Git and for automating our jobs for nightly run or any schedule we are using Jenkins.
For defect management & test case management we have used JIRA, TEST RAIL & HP ALM. I have worked on tools like BrowseStack, DeviceAnywhere, Toadsql, I am working on Agile environment we have daily standup call and we have 2-week sprint cycle. I am part of 8-member team out of which we are 3-Tester, 2- dev, 1- manager, 1-scrum master.
First thing I do after login in my system. I check the active sprint in Jira for our project code. There I can see my assigned open tasks. After that I will check my mail if there is any important mail I need to take action on. Then we have our daily scrum meeting where we used to tell our previous day actions what we did, what we are planning for today and if we have any blocker to discuss. Product owner and scrum master help us to resolve that blocker. After that I need to take the pending task and do needed action whether creating test case, Execution, Defect retesting if any.
Out of 10 I will rate myself 8 in java as QA Automation engineer.
1) DATA ABSTRACTION
Data Abstraction means to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary details from the user. In java, abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract classes. We can achieve 100% abstraction using interfaces.
In Selenium, WebDriver itself acts as an interface. Consider the below statement:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
We initialize the Chrome Browser using Selenium Webdriver. It means we are creating a reference variable (driver) of the interface (WebDriver) and creating an Object. Here WebDriver is an Interface and ChromeDriver is a class.
We can apply Data Abstraction in a Selenium framework by using the Page Object Model design pattern. We define all our locators and their methods in the page class. We can use these locators in our tests but we cannot see the implementation of their underlying methods. So we only show the locators in the tests but hide the implementation. This is a simple example of how we can use Data Abstraction in our Automation Framework.
2)ENCAPSULATION
Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates. Encapsulation can be achieved by: Declaring all the variables in the class as private and writing public methods in the class to set and get the values of variables.
All the classes in an Automation Framework are an example of Encapsulation. In Page Object Model classes, we declare the data members using @FindBy and initialization of data members will be done using Constructor to utilize those in methods.
3)INHERITANCE
Inheritance is the mechanism in java by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class.
We can apply Inheritance in our Automation Framework by creating a Base Class to initialize the WebDriver interface, browsers, waits, reports, logging, etc. and then we can extend this Base Class and its methods in other classes like Tests or Utilities. This is a simple example of how we can apply Inheritance in our framework.
4) POLYMORPHISM
Polymorphism allows us to perform a single action in different ways. In Java polymorphism can be achieved by two ways:
– Method Overloading: When there are multiple methods with same name but different parameters then these methods are said to be overloaded. Methods can be overloaded by change in number of arguments or/and change in type of arguments.
In Selenium Automation, Implicit wait is an example of Method Overloading. In Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS etc.
– Method Overriding: It occurs when a derived class has a definition for one of the member functions of the base class. That base function is said to be overridden. In Selenium Automation, Method Overriding can be achieved by overriding any WebDriver method. For example, we can override the findElement method In assertion we have used overload because in assertion we used to like asset.true(actual, expected) and second time we can use same assert.true(actual, expected, message).
Abstract class may have Abstract and concrete methods, and there is not any compulsion in adding abstract method in abstract class. But in Interface, we do have only abstract methods and we don’t need to write abstract keyword in Interface this is by default public and abstract.
Static means it is at class level not at instance level, we have static method, static variable & static inner class. When we have any variable as static so it will remain same for all the instance of our classes, and static/Private/Final methods can’t be over-ridden like if we have initialized any method as Static so we cannot override it in any child class.
Direct calling, Calling by class name.
Yes we can, but we got one warning that you need to access it via Direct or By class name.
For calling non static method we need to create object first.
method? Overload-Yes, Override
No
integer.parseInt(); - To convert string to
Integer Double.parseDouble(); - To convert
string to Double Boolean.parse Boolean(); -
To convert string to Boolean String.valueof(); -
To convert Integer to String.
No we got NumberFormatException while converting the above string.
Exception is like any interruption in our normal flow. Like if we are running anything and we got issues in our script this is we called exception, we have 2 types of exception Run Time & Compile Time. (checked & Unchecked exceptions)
selenium out of 5? Out of 5 I will rate
myself 3.5 in selenium.
Mostly we used ID and Xpath because Id is the fastest and unique one and after that we prefer Xpath. Anyways we have other locators as well like css , class name, tag name, Link text, Partial Link text.
findelement will give the first appearance of that element which matches our locator, whereas findelements will give us list of all the elements which is present over the webpage and matching our locator. And if we don’t find the element findelement will give us nosuchelementexception whereas findelements will return NULL/Empty list.
Integer to string, string is not a subclass of Integer, so a Class Cast Exception will be thrown. Object I = Integer.valueOf(42);
String s = (String)i;
First we will check what all windows are open by using driver.getwindowhandles, to get set of opened windows , then I use iterator to iterate over each of the pages and inside for loop will check like Current URL matches with the excepted page, if match then switch to that window by using driver.switchTo(Destination window) -> to return back to main parent window use driver.defaultContent().
Implicit wait applies for all the elements and all the tests like if we give 10 sec of implicit wait it will wait for 10 sec for each element before giving nosuchelement exceptions.
While Explicit wait can be applied for any particular step for which you want extra wait time so we can use explicit wait. We can use mix of both waits to depend on the situation of the step.
NoSuchElementException, NoSuchWindowException
NoSuchframeException, StaleElementReferenceException,
TimeoutException.
Stale means old or decayed, here it sounds like element which was present on that page is no longer there or decayed. To handle this, we can refresh the webpage before pointing to that element. We can write script for waiting via explicit wait by writing expected condition.refresh. Or we can go with page object model in that we can over come this stale element exception.
User Defined Exception or custom exception is creating your own exception class and throws
that exception using 'throw' keyword. This can be done by extending the class Exception. ... The keyword “throw” is used to create a new Exception and throw it to the catch block.
Assert is like verification where we check like expected thing and actual thing are same or not.
We have used Hard assert and Soft assert, while applying Hard assert if we found any glitch in expected and actual then it will through exception and move to next @test while Soft assert it won’t give exception and move to next step of that test. And to get all the exceptions in console we need to write at the end assert.all.
Yes, like priority is 0, -1, TestNg will run -1 then 0 then 1. And if we have any @test which is not having any priority set, then in that case it will search via alphabetic order whichever comes first and execute test respectively.
required in cucumber? In cucumber we have Feature file, Step
Definition file and Test Runner file.
In feature file we used to write scenario in gherkin language which is most like in plain English language. Here we use some of the keywords like feature, scenario, scenario outline, given, when, then, and, example, background keywords for writing our test scenarios steps.
In Step Definition file we write mapping code for all the scenario of feature file. In test Runner file we provide the address of the feature file, step definition file, and all-important Tags, Plugin, Listeners in that.
When we have single scenario and we need to run it one time at that place we use Scenario.
If you want some parametrization or Data Driven testing at that time, we can use scenario outline where we have to use Example keyword like if we are running this scenario for 3 different data set like username & pass. so, it will run 3 times.
Background is used when we have some common Given part. Suppose we have pre-condition that we have to check this before each scenario. so in order to avoid rewriting same step we can write it in Background.
Dry run is not running our whole application it will check whether all features are mapped with Step definition.
In cucumber we use hooks for common functionalities, hooks are like we want to run before & after each of the scenario. In hooks we have 2 different @before, @ after which run before and after of each scenario. Also @beforestep, @afterstep which run before and after each step.
It helps to come all the QA members Dev, Client, Product Owner on same page.
TestNG is advanced version of Junit only. It is mainly used by Dev/QA for maintain the code easily and for unit testing. It provides lots of benefits to us like we can create a suite and we can write all the required Tc in one go only using that suite. We can group our Tc we can set priority we can run our tc in parallel mode, We can generate good reports via TestNG. We can write functionality depends on methods, depends on group. We can run single tc multiple time with single set of data of multiple set of Data.
We have invocation count attribute in @test annotiation. We can write invocation count as 3 if we want to run it 3 times. Apart from that we can write threadpull.size if we want to run that case in multiple thread.
Yes I have used GIT, It is a version control tool. Where we can maintain our central repo. we used to manage our code via GIT only. We use Git to maintain our project in our local system. So, if someone like to work on that project I need to send complete update copy to him and after that he can work on that. There are chances that single project is handled by multiple teams across the globe. So, it will be difficult if we won’t use GIT.
After that we can use GIT add command after adding it will added to particular index and we can commit this file using Git Commit-(Message) we can commit this untracked file. Also we have Git Merge, Git Post, Git Pull, Git It in etc.
As we are only 2 tester working on this project, if we have any merge conflict I used to pull all the latest file/scripts to my local system. Then I will analyze the difference between that particular file and merge file. After that I will check with my team member whether all his imp things are covered then I will add my steps and push the script to the central repo.
We have separate Dev-Ops Team to create Jenkins jobs at broad level but we also have access to jenkins, so we have created jobs for our internal purpose. For creating any job we have click on create new job->inside that give name of your job- >select freestyle project->then add. Beside that we can provide description of our project and in source code management we can choose Git-> provide repo url ->after that provide some schedule if you want to run the job on any specific schedule time.-> select window batch command-file location-save-click on build now for running. After triggering we can check log in console.
Smoke and Sanity we can are like same thing because both are checking important functionality. Smoke testing is done on first stable build from developer to check like whether it is stable enough to move further or not. While Sanity testing is subset of regression test which we perform on stable build and here also we used to check all the imp functionality.
We have 4 Agile ceremony -Sprint planning, Sprint review, Sprint Retrospective, Daily scrum meeting.
Java main() method is always static, so that compiler can call it without the creation of an object or before the creation of an object of the class. ... Static method of a class can be called by using the class name only without creating an object of a class.
Run-Time Polymorphism: Whenever an object is bound with the functionality at run time, this is known as runtime polymorphism. The runtime polymorphism can be achieved by method overriding. Java virtual machine determines the proper method to call at the runtime, not at the compile time.
The main difference between List and Set is that Set is unordered and contains different elements, whereas the list is ordered and can contain the same elements in it.
Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of the method that is already provided by its super class. Method overloading is performed within class. Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A (inheritance) relationship. In case of method overloading, parameter must be different.
The purpose of constructor is to initialize the object of a class while the purpose of a method is to perform a task by executing java code. Constructors cannot be abstract, final, static and synchronised while methods can be. Constructors do not have return types while methods do.
Static method uses complie time binding or early binding. Non-static method uses run time binding or dynamic binding. A static method cannot be overridden being
compile time binding. A non-static method can be overridden being dynamic binding.
Step 1: Set up a Github Organization. ...
Step 2: Fork Organization Repository to Your Personal GitHub. ...
Step 3: Clone the Repository to Your Local Machine. ...
Step 4: Create a Branch for your Working Files. ...
Step 5: Set Remote Repository to the GitHub Organization. ...
Step 6: Get Coding!
Step 7: Pull the Most Recent Files From the Organization Repo
Step 8: Merge the Master Branch Into the Feature Branch
Step 9: Push Your Code to your GitHub Repo
Step 10: Make a Pull Request to the Organization Repo
Step 1 − Go to the Jenkins dashboard and Click on New Item
Step 2 − In the next screen, enter the Item name, in this case we have named it Helloworld. Choose the ‘Freestyle project option’
Step 3 − The following screen will come up in which you can specify the details of the job. Step 4 − We need to specify the location of files which need to be built. In this example, we will assume that a local git repository(E:\Program) has been setup which contains a ‘HelloWorld.java’ file. Hence scroll down and click on the Git option and enter the URL of the local git repository.
Note − If you repository if hosted on Github, you can also enter the url of that repository here. In addition to this, you would need to click on the Add button for the credentials to add a user name and password to the github repository so that the code can be picked up from the remote repository.
Step 5 − Now go to the Build section and click on Add build step → Execute Windows batch command
Step 6 − In the command window, enter the following commands and then click on the Save button.
Javac HelloWorld.java
Java HelloWorld
Step 7 − Once saved, you can click on the Build Now option to see if you have successfully defined the job.
Step 8 − Once the build is scheduled, it will run. The following Build history section shows that a build is in progress.
Step 9 − Once the build is completed, a status of the build will show if the build was successful or not. In our case, the following build has been executed successfully. Click on the #1 in the Build history to bring up the details of the build.
Step 10 − Click on the Console Output link to see the details of the build
Yes, you can define a class inside an interface. In general, if the methods of the interface use this class and if we are not using it anywhere else we will declare a class within an interface.
Selenium Assertions can be of three types: “assert”, “verify”, and ” waitFor”. When an “assert” fails, the test is aborted. When a “verify” fails, the test will continue execution, logging the failure. A “waitFor” command waits for some condition to become true.
In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as id, name, xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests but we can’t see these locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the tests.
The super keyword refers to superclass (parent) objects. It is used to call superclass methods, and to access the superclass constructor. The most common use of the super keyword is to eliminate the confusion between superclasses and subclasses that have methods with the same name.
Break statement resumes the control of the program to the end of loop and made executional flow outside that loop. Continue statement resumes the control of the program to the next iteration of that loop enclosing 'continue' and made executional flow inside the loop again
Abstract class can inherit another class using extends keyword and implement an interface. Interface can inherit only an inteface. Abstract class can be inherited using extends keyword. Interface can only be implemented using implements keyword.
In the Java programming language, the keyword static indicates that the particular member belongs to a type itself, rather than to an instance of that type. This means that only one instance of
that static member is created which is shared across all instances of the class. 62. Have you used the action class and where it is used?
Using the Actions class in Selenium, we can implement the sendKeys() method to type specific values in the application. That is how you use the actions class in Selenium with sendKeys() method. ... The perform() method is used to perform the series of actions that are defined.
There are two types of exceptions: checked exception and unchecked exception. ... The main difference between checked and unchecked exception is that the checked exceptions are checked at compile-time while unchecked exceptions are checked at runtime
checked exceptions – SQLException,IOException,ClassNotFoundException,InvocationTargetException
unchecked exceptions –
NullPointerException,ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,ArithmeticException,IllegalArgume ntException
NumberFormatException
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
executor.executeScript("document.getElementById("textbox_id").value=
'new value';);
In non-static method, the method can access static data members and static methods as well as non-static members and method of another class or same class. Binding process. Static method uses compile time or early binding. Non-static method uses runtime or dynamic binding. Overriding.
this keyword mainly represents the current instance of a class. On other hand super keyword represents the current instance of a parent class. this keyword used to call default constructor of the same class.
The length is an instance variable of an array in Java whereas length() is a method of String class
Abstract Classes and Methods Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create objects
(to access it, it must be inherited from another class). Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not have a body. The body is provided by the subclass (inherited from).
Actions is a class that is based on a builder design pattern. This is a user-facing API for emulating complex user gestures. Whereas Action is an Interface which represents a single user-interaction action.
Using Actions Class: Actions action = new Actions(driver); action. keyDown(Keys. ... Using SendKeys Chord: driver. findElement(By. ...
Using Robot Class: // Create Robot class Robot rb = new Robot(); // Press control keyboard key rb.
Dry-run is used to compile feature files and step definitions in cucumber. It is specially used in the stage when you will have to see if there are any compilation errors, to check that you can use dry-run. Dry-run options can either set as true or false.
Total 11 Annotations -Feature, Scenario, Background, given, when , then, and, but, example, scenario outline, scenario template.
HashMap and HashSet both are one of the most important classes of Java Collection framework.
... HashMap Stores elements in form of key-value pair i.e each element has its corresponding key which is required for its retrieval during iteration. HashSet stores only objects no such key value pairs maintained.
Maps are used for when you want to associate a key with a value and Lists are an ordered collection. Map is an interface in the Java Collection Framework and a HashMap is one implementation of the Map interface. HashMap are efficient for locating a value based on a key and inserting and deleting values based on a key.
HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
// Add elements to the map
map.put("vishal", 10);
map.put("sachin", 30);
map.put("vaibhav", 20);
// Print size and content
System.out.println("Size of map is:- " + map.size());
System.out.println(map);
// Check if a key is present and if present, print value
if (map.containsKey("vishal")) {
Integer a = map.get("vishal");
System.out.println("value for key"+ " \"vishal\" is:- " + a);
Option 1: Look for any other attribute which Is not changing every time In that div node like name, class etc. So If this div node has class attribute then we can write xpath as bellow.
//div[@class='post-body entry-content']/div[1]/form[1]/input[1]
Option 2: We can use absolute xpath (full xpath) where you do not need to give any attribute names In
xpath.
/html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[4]/div[1]/div/div/div/div[1]/div /div/di
v/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/form[1]/input[1]
Option 3: We can use starts-with function. In this xpath's ID attribute, "post-body-" part remains same every time. //div[starts-with(@id,'post-body- ')]/div[1]/form[1]/input[1]
Option 4: We can use contains function. Same way you can use
contains function as bellow.div[contains(@id,'post-body-
')]/div[1]/form[1]/input[1]
It is a server-based application and requires a web server like Apache Tomcat 77. What is a singleton class?
The Singleton's purpose is to control object creation, limiting the number of objects to only one. Since there is only one Singleton instance, any instance fields of a Singleton will occur only once per class, just like static fields. Singletons often control access to resources, such as database connections or sockets.
For example, if you have a license for only one connection for your database or your JDBC driver has trouble with multithreading, the Singleton makes sure that only one connection is made or that only one thread can access the connection at a time.
The finally block always executes when the try block exits. This ensures that the finally block is executed even if an unexpected exception occurs.
maximum one catch block will be executed. No, we can write multiple catch block but only one is executed at a time.
POM is an acronym for Project Object Model. The pom. xml file contains information of project and configuration information for the maven to build the project such as dependencies, build directory, source directory, test source directory, plugin, goals etc. Maven reads the pom.
REAL TIME SELENIUM + JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Chrome, Geko, Chromium, Edge, html, android,
driver or selenium? Via first apply wait , is element present,
then get text.
Take path of batch file->process.batchjob= runtime.get(runtime.executable”Path”)); 4. How do you run selenium webdriver test from the
command line? For that go to cmd-> java-class path(of the
selenium project) ->hit enter
javascript in selenium? Windows.scrollby
function
particular element?
Windows.scroll.intoview function
Listeners actually is an interface, that modifies the behavior of the system. It is used for customization of reports. 2 types webdriver listeners, TestNg Listeners.
webdriver? takescreenshot function
selenium? Assert, verify, wait for
6 validate-compile-test-package-install-deploy
using selenium? By action class, robot class, venium driver
Webdriver is an interface which is used to automate api of browser for testing. 15. How do you handle drag and drop option? Using action classes
Public/private/protected/default-Access specifier Static- modifier
Void- return type Main-class name
selenium webdriver? TestNG, Junit, Cucumber, Robot
Framework, Appium, Protractor.
=’Hiddentext);
driver.switchTo().frames(via index value, name,
webelement );
driver.findeElement(by.id(“value”)).getText();
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();-To get back from
iframe
From select class, via visible text, value, index
selenium webdriver? First get the locator of
webElement , then get
String color= object.getCssValue(“background-color”)
String HexbackColor= color.fromString(color).asHex();
It will give you RGb codes , you need to convert them into back color using HEX function 25. How you handle alert in selenium webdriver?
Simple alert(one option), Confirm Alert(Y/N), Prompt
alert(enter any value) Alert a= driver.switchTo().alert();
a.getText();
a.accept(), a.dismiss(), a.sendKeys(“name”);
selenium webdriver? String
PID=driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> allWindowHandle= driver.getWindowHandles();
Apply for loop on allWindowHandle -> switchTo().window(Id); ->if(!(Id.equals(PID)) - >driver.close();
===================================
Interface.
String>(); capitalmap.put(“India”, “New Delhi”);
Maven project eliminates the Adding set of Jars in each
project. It Creates write Project Structure.
Building and Deploying the project is very simple.
A build tool takes care of everything for building a process. It does following: • Generates source code
maven-3.5.0-bin.zip
To verify whether maven is installed or not, open the command prompt and write: mvn −version
Maven home: E:\apache-maven\apache-maven-3.3.9\bin
Java version: 1.8.0_102, vendor: Oracle Corporation
Java home: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_144\bin
There are 3 types of maven repository:
Maven searches for the dependencies in the following order: Local repository then Central repository then Remote repository. Local Repository: Means .m2 folder in your system
Central Repository: Maven central repository is located on the web. It has been created by the apache maven community itself
Remote Repository: Company Specific Library or Custom Library
<project
xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com</groupId>
<artifactId>Cucumber</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>selenium</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.5.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
Project: It is the root element of pom.xml file
Model Version: It is the sub element of project. It specifies the model Version. It should be set to 4.0.0
Group Id: will identify your project uniquely across all projects (com.test.selenium) Artifact Id: project name
Packaging: defines packaging type such as jar, war etc.
Dependencies: defines dependencies for this project.
Dependency: defines a dependency. It is used inside dependencies.
Scope: defines scope for this maven project. It can be compile, provided, runtime, test and system.
mvn deploy:deploy-file -DgroupId=<group-id> \
-DartifactId=<artifact-id> \
-Dversion=<version> \
-Dpackaging=<type-of-packaging> \
-Dfile=<path-to-file> \
-DrepositoryId=<id-to-map-on-server-section-of-settings.xml> \
-Durl=<url-of-the-repository-to-deploy>
===================================================================
1.How does put() method of HashMap works in Java? On hashing principle of key value pair
12.What will happen if you use HashMap in a multithreaded Java application? 13.What are the different ways to iterate over HashMap in Java?
String one line que.
java.lang.String class is used to create a string object.
Different String methods:
String.valueOf() String int ivar = 123;
String str = String.valueOf(ivar);
System.out.println("String is: "+str);
System.out.println(555+str);
int ivar = 123;
String str = Integer.toString(ivar);
System.out.println("String is: "+str);
System.out.println(555+str);
====================================================================== Array one line que.
Iterator<String> it = studentList.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()){ System.out.println(it.next());
}
MAX
public class maxmin {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {
1,
45,
67,
98,
455,
678
};
int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for (int element: arr) {
if (element > max) {
max = element;
}
}
System.out.println(“Max element is " + max);
}
}
MIN
public class maxmin {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {
1,
45,
67,
98,
455,
678,
-6
};
int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int element: arr) {
if (element < min) {
min = element;
}
}
System.out.println(“Min element is " + min);
}
}
========================
1. How to reverse any array?
public class reverse array {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {
1,
45,
67,
98,
455,
678
};
int l = arr.length;
int n = Math.floorDiv(l, 2);
int
temp;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[l - i - 1];
arr[l - i - 1] = temp;
}
for (int element: arr) {
System.out.print(element + " ");
}
}
}
================================================================ public class reverse array {
public static void main(String[] args) { int [] Array ={7,8,9,3,4,6,11,67,98}; int k=Array.length-1; for(k=Array.length-1;k>=0;k--){
System.out.print( Array[k] + " ");
}
}}
================================
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new
ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,2,4,6,7,2,3,5,4,3,8,2,8)); LinkedHashSet<Integer> linkedHashSet = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>(numbers); ArrayList<Integer> numbersListWithoutDuplicate = new ArrayList<Integer>(LinkedHashSet)); System.out.println(numbersListWithoutDuplicate);
Also we can handle this via stream
ArrayList<Integer> marksList = new
ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,2,4,6,7,2,3,5,4,3,8,2,8)); List<Integer> marksListUnique= marksList.stream().distnict().collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println(marksListUnique);
L1.removeAll(l2):
Sysout(L1) – you will get additional element.
Sysout(L1) – you will get common element.
Sysout(str.toCharArray().length);
Sysout(str.lastIndexOf(“”));
String str = “Pankaj”; int len = str.length();
String rev = ” ”
for(int i<len-1 , i>=0, i-
-){ rev = rev +
str.charAt(i);
}
Sysout(rev);
Create a string-> create new stringBuffer and here you can apply reverse fuction. String str = “Pankaj”;
StringBuffer sf = new
StringBuffer(s);
Sysout(sf.reverse());
We have to use regular expression [a-z, 0-9, A-Z]
String str = “Y^%^*%&*^*(&*(Pankaj”;
FPT Software Academ – #Code Your Life
Str= Str.replaceAll([^a-z, 0-9, A-Z], “”);
Sysout(str);
int num = 12345; int rev = 0;
while(num !=0){
rev =rev *10+ num %
10; num = num/10;
}
Sysout (rev)
}
======== //How to handle alert in Selenium write the syntax.
public boolean isAlertPresent() {
try
{
driver.switchTo().alert();
return true;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return false;
}
}
------------------------ @Test // How can you switch to alert in selenium.
public void test4() {
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();
Alert text = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(text.getText());
}
------------------------ @Test // How can you switch to frame in selenium
public void test5() {
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
driver.switchTo().frame("frame");
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@title='Search']"))); driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
}
----------------------- @Test // How can you handle windows in selenium
public void test6() {
String pwindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
// To get the window handle of single parent window
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
// To get the window handles of all open windows in
browser. Iterator<String> allWindow =
allWindows.iterator();
// Apply iterator method to iterate on open windows.
String parentWindow = allWindow.next();
// getting the next window handle by using .next()
method
driver.switchTo().window(parentWindow
);
// After getting window handle switching to that
window. String childWindow =
allWindow.next();
driver.switchTo().window(childWindow)
; driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
// this command will get us back to parent window from child window. }
------------------------- @Test // How to use waits in selenium
public void test7() {
// below one is implicit wait which is applicable for all the we elements driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// below one is Explict wait syntax , first we need to create object of WebDriverWait.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
// here you can do your validation of your action whatever you want to check.
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//input[@title='Searc h']")));
}
---------------------------- @Test // How to mouse hover in selenium & drag drop
public void test8() {
// To do mouse hover & drag drop first we need to create object of Actions class for web driver instance
Actions act = new Actions(driver);
// now we have to use moveToElement method of action
class. //And to complete the action we need to use build &
perform method
act.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@title='Search']"))).build().perform(); act.dragAndDrop(driver.findElement(By.xpath("Source")),driver.findElement(By.xpath("target"))); }
------------------------------ @Test // How to select options from drop down
public void test9() {
// To select options from drop down first we need to create object of select class
Select sel = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("")));
sel.selectByIndex(4); // to select item by index
sel.selectByValue(""); // to select item by value
sel.selectByVisibleText("text"); // to select item by visible
text
java.util.List<WebElement> allItems = sel.getOptions(); // To get all items of drop down
}
----------------------------- @Test // How to get screenshots in selenium
public void test10() {
// Directly we cannot take screenshots in selenium, we have to cast the driver first with takescreenshot class
File shot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); // Now you have to store file in your drive location.
FileUtils.copyFile(shot, new File("D:\\shot1.jpg"));
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
@Test // How to X & Y coordinates of window in selenium
public void test11() {
driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
}
--------------------------- @Test // How you can count similar type of objects in web page.
public void test12() {
int size = driver.findElements(By.xpath("")).size();
}
----------------------------------
@Test // How to execute java script in selenium?
public void test13() {
//Directly we cannot use Javascript executer in selenium, we have to cast the driver first with Javascript executer class
JavascriptExecutor jse =((JavascriptExecutor)driver);
jse.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,600)");
}
------------------------- @Test // How to read data from excel files using selenium?
public void test14() {
Workbook workbook = WorkbookFactory.create(new FileInputStream(file)); Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
}
@Test // How to connect to database using selenium?
public void test15() {
DriverManager.getConnection(URL, "username", "password");
}
In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as id, name, xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests, but we can’t see these locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the tests.
Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation of internal details and showing the functionality to the users.
Basic statement we all know in Selenium is WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver itself is an Interface. So based on the above statement WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); we are initializing Firefox browser using Selenium WebDriver. It means we are creating a reference variable (driver) of the interface (WebDriver) and creating an Object. Here WebDriver is an Interface as mentioned earlier and FirefoxDriver is a class.
An interface in Java looks like a class but both the interface and class are two different concepts. An interface can have methods and variables just like the class, but the methods declared in interface are by default abstract. We can achieve 100% abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java with Interface.
We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface, WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base Class.
We extend the Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class. Extending one class into other class is known as Inheritance.
Combination of overloading and overriding is known as Polymorphism. We will see both overloading and overriding below.
Polymorphism allows us to perform a task in multiple ways.
METHOD OVERLOADING
We use implicit wait in Selenium. Implicit wait is an example of overloading. In Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS etc.,
A class having multiple methods with same name but different parameters is called Method Overloading METHOD OVERRIDING
We use a method which was already implemented in another class by changing its parameters. To understand this you need to understand Overriding in Java.
Declaring a method in child class which is already present in the parent class is called Method Overriding. Examples are get and navigate methods of different drivers in Selenium.
ENCAPSULATION
All the classes in a framework are an example of Encapsulation. In POM classes, we declare the data members using @FindBy and initialization of data members will be done using Constructor to utilize those in methods.
Encapsulation is a mechanism of binding code and data together in a single unit. I would like to discuss some other topics which we use in Automation Framework. WEB ELEMENT:
Web element is an interface used to identify the elements in a web page.
WEBDRIVER:
WebDriver is an interface used to launch different browsers such as Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.,
FIND BY:
FindBy is an annotation used in Page Object Model design pattern to identify the elements. FIND ELEMENT:
Find Element is a method in POM to identify the elements in a web page.
How to find duplicate char using hashmap?
Find the count of char using hashmap?
#1) get() Methods
driver.get("https://google.com");
driver.getClass();
driver.getCurrentUrl();
driver.getPageSource();
driver.getTitle();
driver.getText();
driver.findElement(By.id("findID")).
getAttribute("value");
driver.getWindowHandle();
#2) Locating links by linkText() and partialLinkText()
driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Google”)).click();
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“abode”)).click();
#3) Selecting multiple items in a drop dropdown
// select the multiple values from a dropdown
Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_One"))); selectByValue.selectByValue("greenvalue"); - By Value selectByValue.selectByVisibleText("Red"); - By Visible Text selectByValue.selectByIndex(2); - By Index
#4) Submitting a form
// submit the form
driver.findElement(By.<em>id</em>("submit")).submit();
#5) Handling iframes
Select iframe by id
driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“);
Locating iframe using tagName
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0)); Locating iframe using the index:
a)frame(index)
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
b)frame(Name of Frame)
driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”);
c)frame(WebElement element) Select
Parent Window
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
#6) close() and quit() methods
driver.close(); - closes only a single window that is being accessed by the WebDriver instance currently
driver.quit();- closes all the windows that were opened by the WebDriver instance
#7) Exception Handling
WebElement saveButton = driver.findElement(By.id("Save"));
try {
if (saveButton.isDisplayed()) {
saveButton.click();
}
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}#4) isEnabled()
isEnabled() to Check Whether the Element is Enabled Or Disabled in the Selenium WebDriver. findElement(By, by) with sendKeys() to type in the form fields.
findElement(By, by) with getText() to store value of targeted web element.
Submit() to submit a web form.
findElements(By, by) to get the list of web elements.
List<WebElement> allChoices = dropDown.findElements(By.xpath(".//fruitoption"));
findElements(By, by) with size() to verify if an element is present.
Boolean checkIfElementPresent= driver.findElements(By.xpath("//input[@id='checkbox2']")).size()!= 0; pageLoadTimeout(timeUnit) to set the time for a page to load
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(500, SECONDS);
implicitlyWait() to set a wait time before searching and locating a web element. driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(1000, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
untill() from WebdriverWait and visibilityOfElementLocated() from ExpectedConditions to wait
explicitly till an element is visible in the webpage.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated (By.xpath("//input[@id=’name’]")));
untill() from WebdriverWait and alertIsPresent() from ExpectedConditions to wait explicitly till an alert appears.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent()
);
Select class for selecting and deselecting values from the drop-down in Selenium WebDriver. WebElement mySelectedElement = driver.findElement(By.id("select"));
Select dropdown= new Select(mySelectedElement);dropdown.selectByVisibleText("Apple");
navigate() to navigate between the URLs.
driver.navigate().to("https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com");
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
getScreenshotAs() to Capture the entire page screenshot in Selenium WebDriver. File shot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(shot, new File("D:\\ shot1.jpg"));
moveToElement() from the Actions class to simulate mouse hover effect.
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebElement mouseHover = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@id='mainmenu1']/div")); actions.moveToElement(mouseHover);
actions.perform();
dragAndDrop() from Actions class to drag an element and drop it on another element.
WebElement sourceLocator = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='image1']/a")); WebElement destinationLocator = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='stage']/li"));
Actions actions=new Actions(driver);
actions.dragAndDrop(sourceLocator, destinationLocator).build().perform();
switchTo() and accept(), dismiss() and sendKeys() methods from Alert class to switch to popup alerts and handle them.
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.sendKeys("This Is Softwaretestinghelp");
alert.accept()
getWindowHandle() and getWindowHandles() to handle Multiple Windows in Selenium WebDriver. String handle= driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> handle= driver.getWindowHandles();
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()){
driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
getConnection() from DriverManager to start Database Connection.
DriverManager.getConnection(URL, "username", "password" )
POI to read from the excel files.
Workbook workbook = WorkbookFactory.create(new FileInputStream(file));
Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
Asserts using assertEquals(),assertNotEquals(), assertTrue() and assertFalse() to compare the results.
Assert.assertEquals(message, “This text”);
Assert.assertNotEquals(message, “This text”);
Assert.assertTrue(result<0);
Assert.assertFalse(result<0);
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